Moorish Al-Andalus gained control in the early 8th century, after conquering the Visigothic kingdom in 711–718. The Visigoths ruled after the Western Roman Empire's collapse near the end of the 5th century. Wilfred the Hairy, depicted in the Genealogy of the Kings of Aragon, c. However, the Principality of Catalonia remained as an administrative unit until the establishment of the Spanish provincial division of 1833, which divided Catalonia into four provinces. After the surrender of Barcelona in 1714, king Philip V of Bourbon, inspired by the French model, imposed absolutism and a unifying administration across Spain, and enacted the Nueva Planta decrees for every realm of the Crown of Aragon, which suppressed the main Catalan, Aragonese, Valencian and Majorcan political institutions and rights and merged them into the Crown of Castile as provinces. During the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714), the Crown of Aragon supported the Archduke Charles of Habsburg. By the Treaty of the Pyrenees the Roussillon was ceded to France. Tensions between Catalan institutions and the monarchy, alongside the peasants' revolts, provoked the Reapers' War (1640–1659).
In 1492 the Spanish colonization of the Americas began, and political power began to shift away towards Castile. The marriage of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile in 1469 laid the foundations of the monarchy of Spain. The crisis of the 14th century, the end of the rule of House of Barcelona (1410) and a civil war (1462–1472) weakened the role of the Principality in Crown and international affairs. Catalan language flourished and expanded as more territories were added to the Crown, including Valencia, the Balearic Islands, Sardinia, Sicily, Naples and Athens, constituting a thalassocracy across the Mediterranean. Catalonia contributed to further develop the Crown trade and military, most significantly their navy. Its institutional system evolved over the centuries, establishing political bodies analogous to the ones of the other kingdoms of the Crown (such as the Courts, the Generalitat or the Consell de Cent) and legislation ( constitutions, derived from the Usages of Barcelona) which largely limited the royal power and secured the political model of pactism. Still, the term Principality of Catalonia was not used legally until the 14th century, when it was applied to the territories ruled by the Courts of Catalonia. Under Alfons I the Troubador (reigned 1164–1196), Catalonia was regarded as a legal entity for the first time. In 1137, the County of Barcelona and the Kingdom of Aragon were unified under a single dynasty, creating what modern historians call the Crown of Aragon however, Aragon and Catalonia retained their own political structure and legal traditions, developing separate political communities along the next centuries. The counties that eventually made up the Principality of Catalonia were gradually unified under the rule of the count of Barcelona. At the time, Catalonia did not yet exist as a political entity, though the use of this term seems to acknowledge Catalonia as a cultural or geographical entity. The first reference to Catalonia and the Catalans appears in the Liber maiolichinus de gestis Pisanorum illustribus, a Pisan chronicle (written between 11) of the conquest of Majorca by a joint force of Italians, Catalans, and Occitans. Today, the term Principat (Principality) is used primarily to refer to the autonomous community of Catalonia in Spain, as distinct from the other Catalan Countries, and usually including the historical region of Roussillon in Southern France.
The term Principality of Catalonia was official until the 1830s, when the Spanish government implemented the centralized provincial division, but remained in popular and informal contexts. Between the 13th and the 18th centuries, it was bordered by the Kingdom of Aragon to the west, the Kingdom of Valencia to the south, the Kingdom of France and the feudal lordship of Andorra to the north and by the Mediterranean Sea to the east. During most of its history it was in dynastic union with the Kingdom of Aragon, constituting together the Crown of Aragon.
The Principality of Catalonia ( Catalan: Principat de Catalunya Occitan: Principat de Catalonha Spanish: Principado de Cataluña Latin: Principatus Cathaloniæ) was a medieval and early modern state in the northeastern Iberian Peninsula.
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